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The earliest mention of titanite crystals from NYC was in the Inwood marble quarries in the Kingsbridge section of upper Manhattan (Bruce, 1814a). Hundreds of titanite crystals were found by Niven and others in Fort George, a high ridge on the east side of upper Manhattan and at the base of the Fort George escarpment along the Harlem Speedway road cuts. Though there were many titanite specimens recovered, very little has been written about the find and the author relied on specimens in area collections for general descriptions. The titanite occurs as large yellow-green crystals to 40 mm long found in hornblende-rich horizons in the gneiss. The titanite crystals present broad rhombic-shaped flat faces parallel to the hornblende horizon. The tendency for the gneiss to part along the crystal-bearing layer resulted in many large specimens in excess of 40 cm across with many titanite crystals exposed. The abundance of specimens from this find resulted in nearly every local collector being able to obtain one, and they frequently come to the current mineral market when old collections are dispersed.
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Titanite var. Sphene from the Harlem Speedway, Manhattan, ex. Hugh Ford, 9 x 4.5 x 2 cm. Steve Nightingale collection. |
In the Bronx an occurrence of similar titanite crystals was at the old Williams Bridge locality where Gunn Hill Road crosses the Bronx River. Also in the Bronx large brown titanite crystals, to 40 mm long, were found in the gneiss at 165th Street and Webster Avenue.
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Titanite, var. sphene from Williams Bridge, Bronx, NY ex. K. Hollman, 8x7x4 cm NYSM #21471. |
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Titanite, var. sphene from 165th Street and Webster, Morrisania, the Bronx, NY., ex. Hauck, 6x4x3 cm. Steve Nightingale collection. |
Both dravite and uvite tourmalines are found in NYC. Most are generically referred to as brown tourmaline, because exact species identification requires testing and a collector cannot rely on morphology to determine the species. See the entry for dravite for more information.
Beck (1842) reported blue-black vivianite crystals from Harlem filling narrow fractures in gneiss associated with stilbite, feldspar, etc. The detail of Beck's description indicates that he personally collected the species in NYC. Research by Michael Hawkins of the NYSM in the mid-1990s located the Harlem vivianite specimens in the Beck collection at Rutgers University, though a recent search by William Selden, the current Rutgers curator, reported no such specimens.
A recent addition to the NYC mineral species list is wurtzite-2H. Two elongated tapered 7 mm long wurtzite-2H crystals were discovered on a specimen excavated during the construction of the 63rd Street subway.
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Wurtzite-2H from the 63rd Street Subway Tunnel, Manhattan, NY 8 x 3.5 x 2.5 cm NYSM #15057 |
William Niven, the mineral dealer, first found xenotime crystals, associated with monazite, in 1888 at 175th Street near 10th (Amsterdam) Avenue, near the western edge of today's High Bridge Park, among excavated rock that had been dumped there from an unknown construction site. In April 1895 the apparent source of the dumped rock was found by Niven at 185th street along the Harlem River, during the construction of the Harlem Speedway. Niven (1888) reported finding several thousand xenotime and monazite crystals from a vein of coarse-grained gray granite running through the local mica schist. Later in 1896, larger xenotime crystals came from a nearby site in a series of three cavities in a pegmatite vein running through mica schist at 171st Street at Fort Washington Avenue. Several crystals exceeding 5 mm long were found with the largest described as 8x8x6 mm "simple symmetrical octahedron composed of the unit pyramid" (Hovey, 1896a). Two matrix specimens of xenotime are in the collection of Harvard University, the largest being 8 mm long. A later find of xenotime crystals in 1912 was discovered at 165th Street and Broadway in Manhattan, near the current site of the Audubon Theater. A set of three individual xenotime crystals from this find are in the Manchester collection of the NYMC. One crystal measures 10 mm across.
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Xenotime from 171 Street and Fort Washington Ave, Manhattan, NY. ex. Gilman
Stanton, |
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Three xenotime-(Y) crystals from 165th Street and Broadway, Manhattan, NY ex. Manchester 7-10 mm NYMC #651. |
#358, Xenotime-(Y) and Monazite-(Ce), 185 Street
dump of Harlem Speedway construction site, Manhattan, New York
A wide variety of faceted gemstones have been created from the minerals found in New York City. Manchester (1931) Plate No. 1 illustrates gemstones of heliodor and aquamarine varieties of beryl, spessartine garnet, brown tourmaline (dravite or uvite) and smoky quartz, in addition to gemstones from outside NYC.
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Rare color version of Plate No. 1 from Manchester (1931) illustrating faceted
gemstones from localities in |
Manchester's best find, in his opinion, was at Broadway at 157th Street where he found a broken gem-grade aquamarine beryl crystal. Since the crystal was broken, he decided to have it faceted and it produced seven gemstones, the largest being 1.5 carats. These are group 6 in Plate No. 1 cited above.
B.B. Chamberlin found an aquamarine beryl crystal in the Manhattanville section (near west 125th Street) that he had faceted into to two 1 carat gemstones that were displayed at the NY Academy of Sciences meeting in November 1895.
In the collection of Steve Nightingale is a set of four faceted almandine garnet gemstones 3-4 mm diameter, originally in the collection of Gilman Stanton, that were cut from rough found at 165th Street at Riverside Drive in Manhattan. Nightingale also has a set of four faceted 4-5 mm diameter gemstones of dravite-uvite brown tourmalines from the Kingsbridge section of Manhattan that were formerly in the NYMC collection.
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One of four faceted almandine garnets in a set from 165th Street and Riverside
Drive, NYC, |
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Faceted gemstone of dravite-uvite tourmalines (one of four in a set) from
Kingsbridge, |
#364, Almandine Garnet (polished cabochon),
65th Street at Columbus Avenue, Manhattan Island, New York
In 1916 a gem-grade garnet crystal measuring 7.6 cm across was found in at Haven Avenue between 178th and 179th Streets in upper Manhattan that was tested and proved to be spessartine. The crystal could not be extracted intact, but came out in fragments that were faceted by Espositor, Varni & Co. into 39 orange-red gemstones totaling 19 carats, the largest weighed 1.37 carats (Manchester and Stanton, 1917).
Though many of the mineral specimens used to illustrate this article were collected prior to 1930, it is still possible to collect minerals in New York City. Excavations for buildings or utilities continually expose bedrock. And it is possible to get access to the excavations. During the research of sites for this article the author encountered site geologists and construction workers that were friendly, interested in minerals and willing to provide limited access to closed construction sites.
Today most building excavations no longer use dynamite to blast the rock, they use large pneumatic hammers attached to the arm of an excavator to progressively pry out the underlying bedrock. The excavated material is removed and it is easiest to collect minerals where the rock is being dumped, usually at a location nearby where fill is required. Recent sites using fill from NYC, that were accessible to mineral collectors, were the renovation of Overpeck Park in New Jersey, the ongoing ball field renovation on Randall's Island, and at Trump Place over the west side rail yards along the Hudson River between 59th and 72nd Streets.At the Trump site large quantities of rock were used to bring the grade to the street level and access to the fill was not seriously restricted.
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Members of the NYMC collecting at a rock dump excavated for Harlem Ship Canal, 1887 Photo by J. Rosch |
Dumped rock from older excavations can be found at water's edge throughout all five boroughs where large rock was used as fill, breakwaters, and tidal bulkheads. Randall's Island and Ward's Island in the East River are now a single island because the channel between them were filled with rock blasted from Manhattan Island. The shoreline around northern Manhattan Island was expanded with fill from the excavation of the Harlem Ship Canal and still provides collecting opportunities.
Michael Walter, a lifetime resident of NYC, collected clusters of transparent quartz crystals from a narrow vein in the Manhattan schist from an exposure near 104th Street in Central Park. Collecting in Central Park is probably against the park rules, but park employees encounter the activity so infrequently that they are not really sure how to react. Most times they just ask you to leave. There is a rock dump within Central Park on the east side north of the 102nd Street entrance to the Park Drive where a collector can collect discreetly. This is where excavated rock from park projects is stockpiled for future use, and the park employees rarely visit the area.
In 1991 the Harlem Meer, a small pond in the northeast corner of Central Park in Manhattan, was being renovated and a wide variety of rock was exposed. The author collected radiating red stilbite and metallic pyrite crystals in a calcite filled vein running through the Manhattan Schists as well as a large schorl crystal from a pegmatite intrusion.
The NYMC rarely has opportunities to collect in building sites. An optimistic NYMC member, Kevan Brown, inquired at a building site in midtown and miraculously obtained permission from the Tishman Speyer site manager for a club field trip on January 3rd, 1998. Many club members had an opportunity to collect in the exposed schist where small almandine garnets and black schorl tourmalines were collected.
An easily accessible collecting site is on Staten Island is where an exit was cut on the south side of Interstate 278 through the serpentine. But the exit was never used, leaving a large exposure open to collecting accessible from the dead end off Schmidt Lane. A wide variety of serpentine and secondary minerals are collectible here and it is the site of frequent club field trips.
Rock excavated during the construction of the Richmond Aqueduct in the 1960s was dumped at the end of Forest Avenue on Staten Island and is still accessible at the west end of Forest Ave. near the Home Depot. This contains rocks from the New York City group (gneiss, schist, marble, and pegmatite) and the associated minerals. Almandine garnet, orthoclase, schorl, muscovite and apatite have been found in recent years.
Recently excavations at a Con Edison tunnel south of the United Nations produced some large almandine garnet crystals. These curiosities were gathered by the tunnel workers and local residents, one of whom brought it to the attention of mineral dealer Dudley Blauwet who passed the information to the author. Unfortunately the author was too late to gather specimens. But this is an example of an underlying principle to mineral collecting: even ordinary people will recognize extraordinary mineral occurrences and will preserve specimens, if only as a curiosity.
In spite of the dense urban environment, it is still possible to collect mineral specimens within the boundaries of NYC. It takes perseverance and boldness, but New Yorkers lack neither.
In 1825 Robinson listed 35 mineral species from NYC. By 1865 Bailey reported 45 mineral species. Chamberlin (1888) increased the list to 82 mineral species and the last major survey (Manchester, 1931) lists 102 species. The current list below has 132 valid mineral species from New York City. Two species not listed here were reported in early references but cannot be verified and are considered doubtful: elbaite and triphylite.
| Actinolite Albite Allanite-(Ce) Allophane Almandine Alunite Analcime Ancylite-(Ce) Andradite Anhydrite Ankerite Annite Anthophyllite Antigorite Apophyllite-(KF) Aragonite Arsenopyrite Artinite Augite Autunite Barite Beryl Annite Bornite Bournonite Brucite Calcioancylite-(Ce) Calcite Chabazite-Ca |
Chabazite-K Chalcopyrite Chamosite Chromite Chrysoberyl Chondrodite Clinochlore Clinochrysotile Columbite-(Fe) Copper Cordierite Corundum Cummingtonite Cuprite Datolite Diopside Dolomite Dravite Dumortierite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Ferrimolybdite Ferrogedrite Ferrohornblende Fluocerite-(Ce) Fluorapatite Fluorite Forsterite |
Galena Goethite Gold Graphite Grossular Gypsum Harmotome Hematite Heulandite-Ca Hydromagnesite Ilmenite Kalinite Kaolinite Kyanite Laumontite Lizardite Magnesiochromite Magnesiocummingtonite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Manasseite Marcasite Melanterite Mesolite Microcline Microlite Millerite Molybdenite |
Molybdite Monazite-(Ce) Muscovite Natrolite Nepheline Opal Orthoclase Pectolite Phlogopite Prehnite Pyrite Pyroaurite Pyrochlore Pyrolusite Pyrophyllite Pyrrhotite Quartz Rutile Schorl Sepiolite Siderite Sillimanite Spessartine Sphalerite Spinel Staurolite Stichtite Stilbite-Ca Talc |
Thomsonite-Ca Titanite Topaz Torbernite Tremolite Uraninite Uranophane Uvanite Uvite Vermiculite Vesuvianite Vivianite Wollastonite Wurtzite-2h Xenotime-(Y) Zircon
Miscellaneous |
| Species | Size | Locality |
| Actinolite | 7 cm | Mott Haven Section Of The Bronx |
| Albite | 6 cm | |
| Allanite-(Ce) | 25 mm | Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel |
| Almandine | 23 cm | 185th Street Along The Harlem River, Manhattan |
| Almandine (Subway Garnet) | 15 cm | West Thirty-Fifth Street, Between Broadway And Seventh Avenue, Manhattan |
| Ancylite-(Ce) | 1 mm | College Point, Queens |
| Anthophyllite | 10 mm | 59th Street And 11th Avenue, Manhattan |
| Apophyllite-(KF) | 18 mm | Water Tunnel No. 3 Queens |
| Aragonite | 5 mm | South Side Of I-278 On Staten Island |
| Artinite | 25 mm | Staten Island Serpentine |
| Beryl | 25 cm | 65th Street And Broadway, Manhattan |
| Calcite | 70 mm | 174th Street And Grand Concourse In The Bronx |
| Chabazite | 18 mm | 45th Street At 2nd Avenue, Manhattan |
| Chrysoberyl | 55+ mm (reconstructed) | 93rd & Riverside Drive, Manhattan |
| 22 mm | 122nd Street And Morningside Avenue | |
| Clinochlore | 5-15 mm | 63rd Street Subway, Manhattan |
| Columbite-(Fe) | 12 mm | "Manhattan Island" |
| 9 mm | 185th Street At The Harlem River, Manhattan | |
| Diopside | 12 cm | Kingsbridge area, Manhattan |
| Dravite-Uvite | 7 cm | Kingsbridge area, Manhattan |
| Epidote | 38 mm | 59th Street Between Avenue Of The Americas And 7th Avenues, Manhattan |
| 36 mm | Fort George, In Upper Manhattan | |
| Fluorapatite | 15 cm | 122nd Street Near Riverside Drive, Manhattan |
| Fluorite | 6 mm | Basted During The Excavation At Hell's Gate In The East River |
| 5 mm | At 168th Street And The Harlem River, Manhattan | |
| Galena | 4 mm | 92nd Street And Lexington Avenue, Manhattan |
| Graphite | 5 mm | "New York County" |
| Harmotome | 12 mm | 92nd To 96th Streets And Lexington Avenue, Manhattan |
| Heulandite-Ca | 4 mm | Water Tunnel No. 2 And 3 Under Queens. |
| Hydromagnesite | 1 mm | Staten Island Serpentine |
| Ilmenite | 50 mm | 56th Street And Broadway |
| Kyanite | 15 cm | 42nd Street And Park Avenue, Near The Current Grand Central Station, Manhattan |
| Laumontite | 10 mm | Harold Avenue (An Obsolete Street Name) In Long Island City, Queens |
| Magnetite | 35 mm | 176th Street And Broadway, Manhattan |
| Microcline | 12 cm | Fort George Section Of Upper Manhattan |
| Monazite-(Ce) | 13.5 mm | 171st Street And Fort Washington Avenue, Manhattan |
| Muscovite | 38 cm | Manhattan Schists And Gneisses |
| Orthoclase | 15 cm | "Manhattan" |
| 15 cm | 15 cm 96th Street Near 3rd Avenue, Manhattan | |
| Pyrite | 25 mm | St. Ann's Avenue And 145th Street In The Bronx. |
| 25 mm | Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel | |
| 18 mm | Kingsbridge area, Manhattan | |
| Quartz | 120 mm | Westchester Avenue In The Bronx |
| 55 mm | 176th Street At 10th Avenue, Manhattan | |
| Rutile | 54 mm | 218th Street And Broadway |
| Schorl | 30.5 cm | 157th Street Near Fort Washington Avenue, Manhattan |
| 24 cm | 171st Street At Fort Washington, Manhattan | |
| Spessartine | 10 cm | Haven Avenue And 179th Street Under The Eastern End Of The George Washington Bridge, Manhattan |
| Stilbite-Ca | 10 mm | 63rd Street Subway Excavated Rock Dumped In College Point, Queens |
| Titanite | 40 mm | Fort George Escarpment Along The Harlem Speedway, Manhattan |
| 40 mm | 165th Street And Webster Avenue In The Bronx | |
| Wurtzite-2H | 7 mm | 63rd Street Subway Excavated Rock Dumped In College Point, Queens |
| Xenotime-(Y) | 12 mm | 171st St. And Ft. Washington, Manhattan |
| 10 mm | 165th Street And Broadway, Manhattan | |
| Gemstones | ||
| Aquamarine, Variety Of Beryl | 1.5 carats | Broadway At 157th Street, Manhattan |
| 1.0 carat | Manhattanville Section (Near West 125th Street), Manhattan | |
| Almandine Garnet | 4 mm | 165th Street At Riverside Drive, Manhattan |
| Spessartine Garnet | 1.37 carats | Haven Avenue Between 178th And 179th Streets In Upper Manhattan |
I extend my personal gratitude to the many individuals that contributed to this article with their assistance, corrections, and access to collections. Special thanks to George Harlow and Jamie Newman of the AMNH, Anna Schumate and Mitch Portnoy of the NYMC, Michael Hawkins and Marian Lupulescu of the NYSM, Carl Francis of Harvard University, Ed Johnson of the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, William Selden of the Rutgers Museum. Extra thanks to Dr. Charles Merguerian of Hofstra University who distilled the complex geology of NYC down to seven paragraphs. I am indebted to Michael Hawkins, Ed Johnson and especially Steven Chamberlain who thoroughly reviewed the manuscript and corrected my crude attempts at writing coherent text. Lastly I express my gratitude to the many private collectors that made their mineral specimens and photographs available including: Bob Allen, Bob Batic, George Elling, Irving Horowitz, Saul Krotki, David Miller, Steve Nightingale, Brad Plotkin, Dietmar Stitz, Michael Walter, Ted Zirnite. And thanks to the many others that responded to my questions and guided me through this immense subject.
There is an abundance of references on the geology and minerals of New York City. Every reference could not be provided in the limited space of this publication. The references included here are limited to those that have original content that adds to our understanding and history of NYC mineralogy and geology.
Out of the many references on NYC mineralogy, three stand out in particular. The first by B.B. Chamberlin appeared in Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences (1888) was an exhaustive catalog of minerals and localities in Manhattan that is unmatched in it's scope compared to all other publications of the time. It describes the minerals in the Chamberlin collection that formed the core of the NYMC collection at the AMNH. The other two references are books by James G. Manchester: Minerals of Broadway in 1912 and Minerals of New York City and It's Environs in 1931 build upon Chamberlin's previous work and covers the new mineral finds to date during the Manhattan building boom. The former being limited to the minerals found along Broadway, a north-south avenue running the entire length of Manhattan Island. The latter describes the minerals from within a 50 mile radius of NYC and has descriptions of the important finds within NYC along with photos of minerals and field trips of the NYMC. (Book collectors should take note that there are two versions of Minerals of New York City and It's Environs, the common edition having a black-and-white halftone reproduction opposite the title page. A rarer edition has a hand-colored photograph of the same image tipped in.)
Akerly, S. (1814) On the Geology and Mineralogy of the Island of New-York. The American Mineralogical Journal, 1, 191-198.
Anonymous (1886) Mineralogical Club of the New York Academy of Science. Exchanger's Monthly, New York, 2 #11.
Anonymous (1888) Recent Mineral Discoveries in New York City. Exchanger's Monthly, New York, 3, 4.
Anonymous (1888) To Go To The Museum (Chamberlin's Collection). New York Times, July 12, 1888, New York.
Anonymous (1888) The Mineralogical Club will Honor B.B. Chamberlin's Memory. New York Times, October 28, 1888, New York.
Anonymous (1889) Rocks of Manhattan Island. New York Times, March 1, 1889, New York.
Anonymous (1889) A Great Variety of Specimens Collected by Local Geologists. New York Times, May 20th, 1889, New York.
Anonymous (1896) Xenotime Crystals on Manhattan Island. The Mineral Collector, New York, 2, 123-124.
Anonymous (1908) New York City Minerals. The Mineral Collector, New York, 15, 87.
Anonymous (1908) Garnets Dug up in the Subway. The Mineral Collector, New York, 15, 64.
Anonymous (1964) World News on Mineral Occurrences. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 39, 142-150.
Anonymous (1973) Mineral Collecting in New York City. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 48, 540-541.
Bailey, S.C.H. (1865) On the Minerals of New York Island. Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Annals, New York, 8, 185-192.
Baskerville, Charles A. (1992) Bedrock and Engineering Geologic Maps of Bronx County and Parts of New York and Queens Counties, New York. U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2003, Washington.
Baskerville, Charles A. (1994) Bedrock and Engineering Geologic Maps of New York County and Parts of Kings and Queens Counties, New York, and Parts of Bergen and Hudson Counties, New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2006, Washington.
Beck, Lewis C. (1842) Mineralogy of New-York. White and Visscher, Albany.
Beck, Lewis C. (1845) Mineralogy of New York. American Journal of Science, Series 1, 46, 25-37.
Berkey, Charles P. (1908) Limestones Interbedded with the Fordham Gneiss in New York City (Abstract). Science, New York, 28, 936.
Betts, John H. (1997) Accounts of the Discovery of the Kunz Garnet. New York Mineralogical Club Newsletter, New York, 111 #12, 9.
Betts, John H. (1998) Manhattan Mineral Collecting. Mineral News, Coeur d'Alene, ID, 14 #1, 1, 6-8.
Braun, Frederick (1896) On Some Minerals from New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 16, 44.
Britton, Nathaniel L. (1881) Geology of Richmond County, New York. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 2, 161-182.
Bruce, Archibald (1814a) Description of some of the combinations of titanium occurring within the United States. American Mineralogical Journal, New York, 1, 233-243, plate II.
Bruce, Archibald (1814b) White Pyroxene from New York Island. American Mineralogical Journal, New York, 1, 266.
Chamberlin, Benjamin B. (1883a) Fall Work in Local Mineralogy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 2, 48-50.
Chamberlin, Benjamin B. (1883b) The Minerals of the Weehauken tunnel [New Jersey]. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 2, 88-90.
Chamberlin, Benjamin B. (1886a) Minerals of Harlem and vicinity (New York City). Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 5, 74-77.
Chamberlin, Benjamin B. (1886b) Minerals of Staten Island New York. New York Academy of Sciences Transactions, New York, 5, 227-230.
Chamberlin, Benjamin B. (1888) The Minerals of New York County, including a list complete to date. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 7, 211-235.
Conklin, Lawrence H. (1997) Kingsbridge, An Early Quarrying District on Manhattan Island. Mineralogical Record, Tucson, 28, 457-473.
Cozzens, Issachar, Jr. (1843) A Geological History of Manhattan or New York Island. W. E. Dean, New York.
Dana, Edward S. (1911) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana 1837-1868; Descriptive Mineralogy, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.
Darton, Nelson H. (1883) Mineralogical Localities in and Around New York City, and Minerals Occurring Therein. Scientific American Supplement, New York, 14, 5492, 5566, 5796-5797.
DeVito, Fred (1969) Eastern Localities-Mineral of New York City. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 44, 138.
Diller, J.S. and Whitfield, J.E. (1889) Dumortierite from Harlem, New York and from Arizona. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 37, 216-219.
Eckel, Edwin C. (1899) Intrusives in the Inwood Limestone of Manhattan Island, New York. The American Geologist, February, 1899, 23, 122-124.
Edwards, Arthur M. (1896a) Chondrodite on New York Island. The Mineral Collector, New York, 3, 48.
Edwards, Arthur M. (1896b) On the Formation of Hematite on Staten Island, New York. The Mineral Collector, New York, 3, 89.
Fettke, Charles R. (1912) Limonite Deposits of Staten Island, New York. School of Mines Quarterly, Columbia University, New York, 33, 382-391.
Fettke, Charles R. (1914) Manhattan Schist of Southeastern New York State and it's Associated Igneous Rocks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 23, 193-260.
Fitton, Robert A. (1995) Letter to the Editor. Matrix, Dillsburg, PA, 4 #2, 65.
Fluhr, Thomas W. (1941) The Geology of the Lincoln Tunnel. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 16, 115-119, 156-160, 195-198235-239.
Fluhr, Thomas W. (1950) Geology of the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 25, 250-254.
Ford, William E. (1903) On the Composition of Dumortierite (from New York City). American Journal of Science, New Haven, 14, 426-430.
Friedrich, James J. (1886) Notes on Local Mineralogy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 5, 121.
Friedrich, James J. (1887) Notes on Local Mineralogy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 6, 130.
Friedrich, James J. (1889) Resume of Lithology of Manhattan Island. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 8, 53.
Frondel, Clifford (1936) Oriented Inclusions of Tourmaline in Muscovite (including a study of 109 examples from New York City). American Mineralogist, Menasha, 21, 777-799.
Gale, L.D. (1839) Report on the Geology of New York County. New York Geological Survey, Albany, 3rd Annual Report, 177-199.
Gratacap, Louis P. (1887) Nature and Origin of Staten Island Serpentine. Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island, New York, 1, 55.
Gratacap, Louis P. (1899) Notes on Limonite Beds on Ocean Terrace, Staten Island. Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island, New York, 7, 28-29.
Gratacap, Louis P. (1909) Geology of the City of New York, 3rd edition. Henry Holt & Co., New York.
Gratacap, Louis P. (1912) A Popular Guide to Minerals. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 145.
Hawkins, Alfred C. (1945) Collecting Under Armed Guard. Rocks and Minerals, Rocks and Peekskill, 20, 64-67.
Hidden, William E. (1887) Minerals from Fort George, New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 7, 48-49.
Hidden, William E. (1888) Xenotime from New York City. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 36, 380.
Hollick, Charles A. (1889) Triassic Outcrops at Mariner's Harbor, Staten Island, New York. Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island, New York, 2, 9-10.
Hollick, Charles A. (1889-1926) [various articles on the clays, fossils, and serpentine in nearly every volume]. Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island, New York, 1-27.
Hovey, Edmund O. (1896a) Notes on Some Specimens of Minerals from Washington Heights N.Y. City. The Mineral Collector, New York, 2, 175.
Hovey, Edmund O. (1896b) Rare Minerals from New York City, Abstract. Science, New Series, New York, 3, 214.
Hovey, Edmund O. (1906a) The Collections Illustrating the Rocks and Minerals of Manhattan Island. American Museum Journal (AMNH), New York, 6, 6-12.
Hovey, Edmund O. (1906b) The collections illustrating the rocks and minerals of Manhattan. The American Museum Journal, New York, 6, 6-12.
Jackson, Charles T. (1865) Iron Ore from Staten Island, New York. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, 10, 72.
Jackson, Kenneth T., editor (1991) The Encyclopedia of New York City. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Julien, Alexis A. (1883) The decay of Building Stones in New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 2, 67-79.
Kemp, James F. (1887) The Geology of Manhattan Island. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 7, 49-34.
Kerr, Paul F. (1930) Kaolinite from a Brooklyn Subway Tunnel. American Mineralogist, Philadelphia, 15, 144-154.
Kinney, H.D. (1910) A New Anthophyllite Occurrence on Manhattan Island, Abstract. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 19, 308.
Kunz, George F. (1886) An Almandite Garnet Crystal Found in New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 5, 265-266.
Kunz, George F. (1887) Minerals from Fort George, New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 7, 48-49.
Kunz, George F. (1890) Gems & Precious Stones of North America. Scientific Publishing Co., New York.
Kunz, George F. (1906) Peridotite Dike Upon Manhattan Island, New York. Science, New Series, New York, 23, 388.
Levison, Wallace G. (1901a) Crystals of Chrysoberyl. Privately Published.
Levison, Wallace G. (1901b) Note on a Chrysoberyl From the Borough of Manhattan, New York City. The Mineral Collector, New York, 8, 80-83.
Levison, Wallace G. (1901c) A Crystal of Chrysoberyl from Ninety-Thirds Street and Riverside Park. The Mineral Collector, New York, 8, 134-136.
Lininger, Jay (1991) A Large Garnet from New York Island. Matrix, 2 (4), 63.
Lisle, T.O. (1947) Tourmaline from a New York Tunnel. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 22, 839.
Lisle, T.O. (1948) Molybdenite Occurrence at New York Tunnel. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 23, 507.
Luquer, Lea M. (1893) Mineralogical Notes (including Kings Bridge). School of Mines Quarterly, Columbia University, New York, 14, 327-329.
Manchester, James G. (1912) New Discovery of Gem Stones on Manhattan Island. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 21, 206.
Manchester, James G. (1914) The Minerals of Broadway. New York Mineralogical Club, New York.
Manchester, James G. (1931) The Minerals of New York City and Its Environs. New York Mineralogical Club, New York.
Manchester, James G. (1940) Fifty Years of Mineral Collecting from Maine to Florida. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 18, 8.
Manchester, James G. and Stanton, Gilman S. (1917) A Discovery of Gem Garnet (Spessartine) in New York City. American Mineralogist, Philadelphia, 2, 85-86.
Marshall, Clifford A. (1964) Collecting on Staten Island, N.Y.. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 39, 536-537.
Merguerian, Charles (1983) Tectonic significance of Cameron's Line in the vicinity of the Hodges Complex - an imbricate thrust model for western Connecticut. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 283, 341-368.
Merguerian, Charles (1996) Stratigraphy, structural geology, and ductile- and brittle faults of New York City in Benimoff, A. I. and Ohan A. A., chm., The Geology of New York City and Vicinity, Field guide and Proceedings. New York State Geological Association, 68th Annual Meeting, Staten Island, NY, 53-77.
Merguerian, Charles (2005) Lithologic and structural constraints on TBM tunneling in New York City (NYC) in Hutton, John D. and Rogstad, W.D., eds., Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference. 2005 Proceedings Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Liitleton, CO, 704-724.
Merguerian, Charles (2006) Dismembered ophiolite in New York City. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Boulder, CO, 38, 86.
Merguerian, Charles and Sanders, John E. (1991) Section of Geological Sciences 1990-1 Field Trips - Trip 16 Geology of Manhattan and the Bronx. New York Academy of Sciences, New York.
Merguerian, Charles and Sanders, John E. (1993) Section of Geological Sciences 1993 Field Trips - Trip 26: Cameron's line and the Bronx Parks. New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 103.
Merguerian, Charles and Sanders, John E. (1994) Section of Geological Sciences 1994 Field Trips - Staten Island and Vicinity. New York Academy of Sciences, New York.
Merguerian, Charles; and Merguerian, Mickey (2004) Geology of Central Park - From rocks to ice in Hanson, G. N., chm., Eleventh Annual Conference on Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York, 17 April 2004. State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 24.
Miller, F.W. (1906) To New York Collectors. The Mineral Collector, New York, 13, 16.
Moses, Alfred J. (1890-91) Pyrite Crystals from Kinds Bridge, New York. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 45, 488.
Newberry, John S. (1878) The Geological History of New York Island and Harbor. Popular Science Monthly, New York, 13, 641-660.
Newcomet, William S. (1940) New Find of Vermiculite in New York City. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 15, 231.
Newland, David H. (1901) The Serpentines of Manhattan Island and Vicinity and Their Accompanying Minerals. School of Mines Quarterly, Columbia University, New York, 22, 307-317, 399-410.
Niven, William (1895) On a New Locality for Xenotime, Monazite, etc. On Manhattan Island. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 50, 75.
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Okulewicz, Steven C. (1990) The New Field Guide to Staten Island's Rocks & Minerals. Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, New York.
Pierce, James (1818) Discovery of Native Crystallized Carbonate of Magnesia on Staten Island with a Notice of the Geology and Mineralogy. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 1, 142-146.
Reasenberg, Julian R. (1968) New Artinite Find on Staten Island, N. Y.. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 43, 643-647.
Ries, Heinrich (1891) Note on Rock Exposure at 143rd Street and 144th Street and Seventh Avenue, New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 10, 113-114.
Ries, Heinrich (1989) Note on a Beryl Crystal from New York City. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 16, 329-330.
Robinson, Samuel (1825) A Catalogue of American Minerals, with their Localities. Cummings, Hilliard, & Co., Boston, 133-134.
Rothstein, Joe (1965) Subway Garnets. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 40, 188-189.
Sanders, John E.; and Merguerian, Charles (1994) Glacial geology of the New York City region, p. 93-200 in Benimoff, A. I., ed., The geology of Staten Island, New York. Geological Association of New Jersey Annual Meeting, Somerset, NJ, 296.
Sanders, John E., and Merguerian, Charles (1998) Classification of Pleistocene deposits, New York City and vicinity - Fuller (1914) revived and revised: p. 130-143 in Hanson, G. N., chm., Geology of Long Island and metropolitan New York. State University of New York, Long Island Geologists Program with Abstracts, Stony Brook, NY, 161.
Schaller, Waldemar T. (1905) Dumortierite from New York City. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 262, Washington, 94.
Schaller, Waldemar T. (1918) Gem Garnets (spessartine) in New York City. U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources 1916, Washington, 894.
Schuberth, Christopher J. (1968) The Geology of New York City and Environs. Natural History Press for the American Museum of Natural History, Garden City.
Scott, George S. (1918) Iridescent Quartz from New York City. American Mineralogist, Philadelphia, 3, 183.
Segeler, Curt and Irving Grelck (1969) Field Guide to Staten Island Minerals. SIIAS, New York.
Silliman, Benjamin, editor (1820) Abstract of the proceedings of the Lyceum of Natural History, New-York. 1819. Mr. Pauling communicated a memoir on a mineral discovery at Kingsbridge, by Mr. I. Pierce.... American Journal of Science, New Haven, 2, 366-367.
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Sterret, Douglas B. (1911) Aquamarine in New York City. U.S. Geological Survey, Minerals Resources of the U.S. 1910, Washington, D.C., 13.
Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah (1828) Serpentine, etc. on New York Island. American Journal of Science, New Haven, 14, 192.
Webster, Matthew H. (1824) A Catalogue of the Minerals in the State of New York..
Whitlock, Herbert P. (1912) Recent Mineral Occurrences in New York City and Vicinity. New York State Museum Bulletin, Albany, 158, 183-187.
Whitlock, Herbert P. (1919) Pyrite crystals from Broadway and 207th Street, New York City. American Mineralogist, Philadelphia, 4, 31-32.
Wilson, Wendell, E. (2006) Early Mineral Dealers: William Niven (1850-1937). Mineralogical Record, Tucson, 37, 297-310.
Zodac, Peter (1950) Minerals of the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel. Rocks and Minerals, Peekskill, 25, 266-267.
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Online Museum of New York City minerals
The minerals below were from the author's collection of NYC minerals:
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